Ontology in Anselm, Descartes and Kant Essay

Ontology is a purported proof that God exists. The ontology provided by St. Anselm in the eleventh century set the standard in Western thought, and on which all subsequent ontology attempted to measure itself. Before the renaissance and the age of reason it was generally agreed that only a fool would deny the existence of God. Accordingly the ontology of St. Anselm employs the attitude of a fool – meaning some one without any of the higher concepts of philosophy – as the crux of the argument. The argument commences with a definition of God: â€Å"Now we believe that [the Lord] is something than which nothing greater can be thought† (81). The association made is to perfection, for only in perfection can we conceive nothing beyond. In traditional attempts at ontology the strategy was to find God amongst the splendor of his creation. Anselm, however, eschewed the evidence of experience and tried to affect a proof from pure thought. It is placed in the head of a simpleton, and in this way is made to appear as stemming from the innate mind, and not clouded by the errors of perceptual understanding. Anselm’s fool wants to cling to the idea that â€Å"God is not!† But such atheism does not strangle the thought processes inside the head. It necessarily searches for perfection, that being the natural inclination of man, which is to seek happiness, comfort, order, and so on. Can the fool imagine perfection, asks Anselm. The answer is that he cannot. For whatever ideal it fixes on, the mind surges past it for something even better. However, this relentless ascendancy within the mind presages the existence of perfection therein, for otherwise the mind chases after nothing. Now, since we have already identified perfection with God, the mind imagines God, and indeed strives towards it. Existence in the mind will not suffice as ontology. Therefore, as the next step in the argument, Anselm attempts to measure the idea with reality. We must next consider whether that which has been imagined as perfect has a corresponding reality beyond the mind. If it does not then we have a contradiction. For being in the mind alone we are then able to imagine something even greater than it. That which was imagined as perfect now turns out have something that is more perfect than it. Anselm is sure that he has found a contradiction here. So he proceeds to conclude:   â€Å"Therefore, there is no doubt that something than which a greater cannot be thought exists both in the understanding and in reality† (82). Descartes, though largely accepting this ontology, doesn’t accept the contradiction derived in the final step. He argues that reality has not been introduced at all, but only an idea if reality. In the final analysis the entire ontology is taking place in the head. It is an imagined God that Anselm proves, says, Descartes, not a real one. His correction, therefore, was to consider the phenomenal world after all. In this manner he laid out what has famously come to be known as â€Å"Cartesian doubt†. The world of sensory experience, when examined philosophically, naturally induces doubt, for all perspectives are subjective. It is impossible to construe an objective form subjective sensory experience. But instead of holding back doubt Descartes allows it full reign. He starts to explore what else can be doubted. Soon it is found that not only material reality, but also all the perceptions and ideas of the mind must also be doubted, for they all stem from the same faculty of understanding. But his doubting reach must come to and end eventually, when he comes to consider consciousness itself. Descartes discovers that he is unable to doubt the â€Å"I†, for it is the â€Å"I† itself that is doubting, i.e. thinking. Thus his famous conclusion, â€Å"Cogito, ergo sum† – I think, therefore I am (68). From the proof of self-existence to the proof of God is a simple step. A self that is subject to doubt is imperfect, and therefore implies the existence of Creator who is perfect. Kant, in turn, comes to dismiss both these attempts at ontology on the simple premise that existence is not a predicate. In other words, it is meaningless to say simply â€Å"God is.† Our concepts of understanding allow us to apply reason in the form of sentences that contain both subject and predicate. So that we can say that ‘God is good’, or that ‘God is merciful’. But simply ‘God is’ is not meaningful, and human understanding does not allow such speculation. In effect, Kant is saying that ontology is not possible. This is in concord with the rest of Kant’s philosophy, which emphasizes that we are not able to pronounce on the noumenal world, i.e. on â€Å"things in themselves†. He describes three categories of noumena – the soul, the material world, and God, the last being the source of the first two. Therefore God is definitely part of Kant’s philosophical scheme, only that he remains beyond human understanding, and we cannot even pronounce on God is the simplest form – ‘God is.† Just as we cannot know anything about the soul, or the material world, as things in themselves, but only come to know the consequences of them. Our understanding is limited to the phenomenal world, where practical reason applies. Kant also speculates on the existence of a transcendental â€Å"pure reason†, that which overcomes the anomalies of practical reason. Pure reason is identified as an end in itself, and is thus identified with perfection. He stipulates it as a moral imperative that we pursue â€Å"pure reason† as the highest goal. Yet he refuses to identify this perfection with God, and differs with Anselm on this point. He also differs with Descartes’ ‘cogito, ego sum’, and complains that logic is being applied to derive existence, the rationale being that the part cannot be used to explain the whole. The least objectionable ontology, in my opinion, is that of St. Anselm’s. To make this point I will show that the refutations put forward by Descartes and Kant are not appropriate. Descartes’ complaint was that the proof given by Anselm is wholly ideal, without reference to the phenomenal world to give it substance. But Anselm does indeed refer to the phenomenal world, when he introduces the postulate that the ideal of perfection has no corresponding existence in the real world. In fact on this postulate the entire argument hinges, for it is used to derive the contradiction, from whence the ontology ensues. â€Å"Cartesian doubt† a merely a long-winded way of coming to the same conclusion. Kant’s complaint, on the other hand, is not really an argument at all, but rather a boast that he has not has to use the words â€Å"God exists† anywhere in his philosophy. For to pick on the grammar of â€Å"God exists† on the justification that the noumenal world is unknowable is taking matters too strictly. Even accepting Kant’s theory, it is not right that we desist from pronouncing the existence of God. He may not have done so explicitly, but Kant does indeed pronounce of the existence of God in the implicit sense. As a moral precept to action he gives us the categorical imperative: â€Å"I am never to act otherwise than so that I could also will that my maxim should become a universal law† (13). The universal law is pertaining to the moral law, which is described as an end itself, and therefore is no different from the idea of perfection. An imperative is only categorical when it works universally, without contingency. To paraphrase Kant, the rationale of human existence is to pursue the moral life in order to attain to perfection, in other words, God. Other than the fastidious insistence of grammar, Kant does not really object to Anselm’s ontology. With both Descartes’ and Kant’s objections discredited, Anselm’s ontology must stand as the best, being the simplest and most intuitive. Works Cited Anselm. Basic Writings. Translated by Thomas Williams. Boston: Hackett Publishing, 2007. Descartes, Rene. Meditations on First Philosophy: With Selections from the Objections and Replies. Translated by John Cottingham. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Kant, Immanuel. Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2004.   

Film and Countless Alien Eggs Essay

I was in the middle school. I still remembered the feeling when I first watched this film. It was so scary that I couldn’t even breathe, and I once dreaded that these aliens would come to our planet and destroy our humanity. There is no doubt that this film is a masterpiece in the Sci-Fi/horror film history. The director Ridley Scott made an amazing film. The story mainly tells about a commercial towing spaceship, which carries seven crew members, and receives a beacon form a planet, so they decide to check it out. Three of crew member Dallas, Kane and Lambert discover a derelict spaceship which contains countless alien eggs; one of these attacks Kane and makes him unconscious. After Kane is brought to the ship, the strange thing happens. An alien bursts from Kane’s’ chest and kills all the crew members except Ridley. By her intelligence and braveness, she finally kills the alien and escape from the spaceship. Films about UFO and spaceships are extremely popular in the film industry especially in America, but in other countries it’s not popular at all. I think it is because schools in United States focus more on educating students’ imagination and creativity. People love to see films about future world and extraterrestrial life. As we know, our universe is extremely large; a lot of people believe that aliens do exist somewhere. Some rumor says they visited us and government knew it, but for some reason they didn’t want people to know. The more government wants to conceal the existence of alien, the more people want to know the truth. That’s why Sci-Fi movies can succeed in the box office so well. The Alien is one of the most successful Sci-Fi movies in the history. Some people think it also can be categorized as a horror movie too. There are so many scary moments in this film; some are really gross and disgusting. The effect of chest bursting of Kane is still amazing; even it was a movie that filmed 30 years ago. Director created a very scary creature, the alien. They have no gender, or you can say they are hermaphrodite. They have no womb and reproduce really fast, and their blood is made by strong acid, which can penetrate several floors of the giant spaceship. It makes them hard to kill, and the scariest thing is they use human body to reproduce. Once the baby alien ready to go from its host, they will burst out from their father/mother’s chest and instantly kill him/her. The alien grabs all the audience’s attention. Its giant body and gross drooling mouth creates the scary atmosphere, which make audience dread and anxiety. The success of Alien was quite closely linked to the background of America at that time. The Alien was born in the era of the Cold War. People were living under the tremendous pressure from the other countries. The feeling of the panic to the uncertainty just like an alien was hiding in the darkness, which was going to kill someone. By watching this film, audiences can release the pressure and forget the pain of real life. The Alien is an amazing film, which blends elements of Sci-Fi and horror to create a very horror and fantastic film. I would love to watch this movie again and recommend to all the people who like Sci-Fi and horror movies.

Compare and contrast Goodbye Lenin (Wolfgang Becker, 2003) and La Essay

Compare and contrast Goodbye Lenin (Wolfgang Becker, 2003) and La Haine (Mathieu Kassovitz, 1995) in terms of their significance - Essay Example The struggles that those connected to her must endure can be seen as the struggles that occur whenever an ideology of a culture passes, the growing pains that must happen in order to come to a point where freedoms are fully understood and experienced. In La Haine (1995), the pain of having to deal with the nature of city inequities where race and poverty create a power inequality between authority and the poor is explored through the events of a day in the life of Parisian impoverished youths. In turmoil that is part of the perceived landscape of the European culture, as filtered through Hollywood visions of racial inequality, the nature of life after the fall of communism is reflected. In both films, social issue are examined through personifications of struggles as well as the reactions of those around those personified ideals are explored. The plot to the film Goodbye Lenin (2003) is defined by its connectivity between the present and the past. The first portion of the film connec ts the events that will happen further along within the film through a recalling of 1978 when Sigmund Jahn entered space. Jahn was from East Germany and this is a great source of pride for the main character of the film, Alex. The film becomes an exploration of the way that life is lived before the fall of the wall and how it has developed since that time. Alex’s mother, a supporter of the Socialist Party, sees her son arrested at a protest before the wall falls and has a heart attack which leads to a coma that lasts through the political events that precede and are post the time of the fall of the Berlin Wall. The nature of the exploration is defined by the way that Alex, his sister Ariane, and his girlfriend must prevent his mother from finding out about the political changes because the shock might cause her to once again fall into cardiac arrest. Through the ways that the three plot to present former oppressive atmospheres to Alex’s mother, Christiane, a revelation of the profound differences before the fall of the wall and since that time can be appreciated. In recreating the oppressed state of life before the wall fell, incidents such as taking out all the brighter decor that has Western influences and replaying old broadcasts of events that happened before the fall of the wall provide a contrast of the ways in which life was experienced on either side of the powerful and transformative event. The adherence to the old ideologies creates an additional sense of the transformation that has occurred during the time of Christiane’s coma. There is a running commentary about the beauty of anarchy, the fulfillment that is created when human beings deny ‘authority’ and assert their right to freedom. In the end, despite her own belief and feelings about conformity, Christiane is scattered after her cremation through the use of a rocket that belongs to Alex. This act is an illegal act, but he does it anyway, freeing his mother from her own constraint and scattering her in the place that she loved, while symbolically celebrating the freedom that they have gained through the fall of the wall and the transformation of their nation. The film, La Haine (1995), explores the tension between anarchy and authority, the police representing authority and having both honorable and corrupt representations available for contrast. The power dynamic is what sets the authority apart from the anarchist youth who explore their

Report from a show in TV channel (U.S.) such as Oparah, and make an Essay

Report from a show in TV channel (U.S.) such as Oparah, and make an introduction about the show and drop down all the commercials and count for the minutes - Essay Example A prize that began at two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, which steadily increases as the couples show how much they know each other. For examples, the wives we given ten changes, and for every change the husband noticed, a thousand dollars was added to the pot of money. By the end of each episode, one couple is voted off with the mandated tearful goodbye and the original seven couples continually dwindle until one will obtain a nest egg to kick-start their lives. For an hour-long reality show there were a total of seven commercials that lasted a total of sixteen minutes and twenty-seven seconds. The first commercial was from Sprint advertising their new Palm Centro, for two minutes and ten seconds, where a older gentleman discussed how life went to fast and there was no time for communication, while couples were shown in the background using the phone, smiling faces on all. Next was an advertisement from Epsilon discussing their groundbreaking printer, which is presented by a young couple who had just gone to an electronics store in search of a printer given theirs was not producing quality photographs while they were scrap booking.

European Union (EU) Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

European Union (EU) Law - Essay Example Through proceedings, ECJ judges became deeply interested to take actions against conflicts creating depression for the transnational actors and other individuals who could claim that their rights under the Treaty of Rome were being violated by existing national law or administrative practice against national legal regimes and those actors, public and private, advantaged by national rules and practices 1. The ECJ is considered to be the most accurate jurisprudent body throughout the European community. So, there is no doubt that ECJ delegation in interpreting the treaties thereby ensuring that EU law is applied correctly in the member states is wrong. Similarly the European Parliament (EP) enjoys delegated powers in the legislative process through which EU policy is created, in the budgetary process through which the EU budget is shaped and adopted, under the control and supervision of the Commission. The empirical analysis demonstrates that the ECJ being a supranational institution have played an independent role in the development of a European enforcement system that is more constraining than national governments ever intended. Dissatisfied with existing means of enforcement at the European level and with governments' reluctance to delegate more powerful instruments, the ECJ and the Commission independently created and perfected a system of decentralized supervision, whereby individuals and national courts are engaged to monitor and enforce state compliance. This system of decentralized supervision is now an integral part of European governance which has influenced the course of European integration, not only by introducing new issues to the policy agenda, as is often argued, but also by securing a higher degree of compliance with the policy decisions that indeed are taken. What can one expect from close observation of such a system in which market integration has become the principle of ECJ policy-making as a result of non-majoritarian decisions taking into account only the contribution of Member States, for example, judicial law-making and Commission decisions. The best example is the implementation of such policies, which have been inclusive without much political attention, through interventions of the European Commission against infringements of Treaty obligations, and through the decisions that goes only in favour of the Member States with initial cooperation of the ECJ2. The doctrines of 'direct effect' and 'supremacy' have brought about the 'constitutionalization' in the ECJ law in the form of unseen competition and that even between individual stakeholders and Member States 3. It is considered those stakeholders' contribution matters the same way in policies implementation as that of Member States, however this is not the case. The ECJ along with the help of Commission has collectively sought out to shift the gravity in EU enforcement toward greater reliance on decentralized supervision through national courts. Exploiting its judicial independence and the absence of intrusive government control, it is said that the ECJ has strengthened the remedies available to individuals. ECJ has created a legal order in which individuals uphold the same rights as the Member States. However, the critical

Story comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Story comparison - Essay Example These stories are similar in depicting the conflicts between modernity and traditions and how culture exerts a great influence in how people perceive life and death, but they are different in how the characters react to traditions. â€Å"Dead Men’s Path† and â€Å"The Man to Send Rain Clouds† share the same clashes between modernity and traditions. In â€Å"The Man to Send Rain Clouds,† Michael Obi is the new headmaster of Ndume Central School. He seeks to inject modernity into the â€Å"backward† situation of the school. He does not only change the physical appearance of the school, because he further wants to eradicate ancient beliefs and practices. There is a sacred path that goes into the school; â€Å"it connects the village shrine with their place of burial† (Achebe 11). Obi resolves to close the path, even after being warned by the old village priest of Ani. This shows the conflict between new and old beliefs. â€Å"Dead Men’s Path† portrays a more passive resistance to a new culture and religion. Ken and Leon seek to bury their grandfather using their traditional methods and rituals, such as throwing pinches of corn meal and pollen into the wind and painting the dead man’s face. Louise, however, remembers Christian rites and suggests that their grandfather be blessed with holy water.

Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Information Technology - Essay Example The information by the author of the article has been retrieved from different sources. The general information indicating the results from the bid by the FCC was got from the FCC itself which validates it as being genuine. The other information is based on opinion from different analysts in the wireless communication network field and experts from various technology firms. An increase in the airwaves of mobile data means an expansion in the wireless communication field. Such a license to the AT&T will enables faster and continuous data streaming and faster downloads to the consumers. Many people are now bound to shift to the company due to its acquisition of a license which has immense significance. With the company bound to get an increase in its customer base due to the license acquisition from FCC, I would definitely like to be part of the group which will benefit financially and not as a customer but as a shareholder. I would definitely purchase the stocks from the company and do so immediately due to competition. Singer, N. (2015, January 28th). Regulators Crack Down on Marketers of ‘Unlimited’ Data Plans. The New York Times. Retrieved from: http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/28/regulators-crack-down-on-marketers-of- unlimited-data-plans/ The article discusses an increase in lies from the mobile phone providers when it comes to the issue of unlimited data. The latest culprit to be hunted down by the federal authorities is TrackFone Wireless which has been fined $40 million as a result of getting involved in the scheme. The scheme known as â€Å"throttling† involves announcing unlimited data for the consumers only for the data speed to reduce once a certain data usage limit is reached. The author retrieved this information from the Federal Trade Commission which announced about the fine and the throttling scheme. The

A job application letter, a resume,a cover letter Assignment

A job application letter, a resume,a cover letter - Assignment Example nal potentials; housing facility is not available, the duty hours are 40 hours of work per week, and possible overtime may be required depending upon need basis and there is no drug test required for the job; however the government would have a background check. Occasional travel may be required for training purposes. According to the job description the candidate has to perform several duties; these duties include to asses patient care need and to adjust the staff appointments accordingly, to assess the opportunities of improvement, serves on committee and to review and revise nursing policies, must participate in problem solving, develop plans for the care of patients, formulate nursing intervention based on their identification of the diagnosis, consult with healthcare professional on patients to coordinate the diagnosis, must be able to promote harmonious environment, initiates treatments and mediations based on appropriate utilization of standing orders, must be able to operate specialized equipments, maintains professional knowledge through continuing education and must be able to perform other related duties assigned. I believe learning and expanding my learning to the world around. I believe in helping humans and ensuring that I do something creative with my life so that I can be able to serve mankind and the environment around. Life is about giving and I want to get so that I can give. I am writing to you with respect to your job announcement titled â€Å"Clinical Nurse† at PHS Indian Health Hospital in Pipe Ridge, South Dakota, USA. I have been working as a Nurse with USA Memorial Hospital for the past 8 years and over the 8 years I have been awarded 3 times as the best nurse award. I believe in providing the best of services, I am very caring towards human nature and the only reason I opted for a nursing degree and occupation is I want to serve the mankind; I want to give them a source of comfort and a piece of mind. In order to achieve my goal I have

Language and Literacy in Social Practice Essay Example for Free

Language and Literacy in Social Practice Essay Language and Literacy in Social Practice is one of a set of four readers which looks at literacy and language practices as they are moulded and shaped by the cultures of the societies they serve. Edited by Janet Maybin, the book is a collection of key articles by seminal writers in the field who investigate the role of language and literacy as part of social practice. Broken down into four sections, the book begins with articles by Malinowski, Dell Hymes, Halliday and Volosinov and sets the scene for an anthropoligical/historical exploration of the sophisticated interaction and interrelationships between language, culture and social structure. Section two then provides ethnographic accounts of recent research by researchers like Taylor and Heath who document detailed evidence of literacy practices in a wide range of situations. They show in effect how literacy practices are very much the product of economic, religious, cultural and political processes and in particular the profound effect of differing socio-cultural expectations on the educational experiences and successes of learners at the macro level of the family and the local community. Section three moves away from a local focus to review literacy practices from a cross-cultural and historical perspective drawing on the writings of Street, Graff and Gee to look at literacy and language not so much as competencies and skills but rather as a product shaped by sociocultural parameters and some socioeconomic myths. The final section draws on the cultural and historical perspectives presented thus far and adds the further specific dimension of the political aspects of language planning and teaching to investigate how literacy and language teaching is very much a product of the rhetoric of governments and a tool to control and disposses minorities and to maintain a status quo that is elitist and exclusivist. What then is the value of Maybins book? It certainly doesnt work as a sourcebook or a handbook of how to improve literacy practices in any given situation and nor is it meant to. What it does work as is as a body of readings for reflective practitioners who would like to explore the significance of the crucial place language and literacy teaching holds in most Western societies and to look at the ways in which even the most mundane literacy practices are heavily influenced by discrete parameters of culture, society and history. Its merit lies in the way that it, through historical perspective, social theory and current research, strongly encourages the reader to value what McGinitie has referred to as the power of uncertainty. Language and Literacy in Social Practice forces the reader to consider the complex and interrelated nature of language learning and the nature of literacy acquisition as value laden activity value laden because of the variety of social factors which vie for dominance in the formation and maintenance of a majority Discourse. The structure of the book is logical and easy to follow. For myself, I found the first section to be the least valuable in terms of what it had to offer me, but, given its intention to provide a theory base for the sociological perspective of language as a social semiotic, it achieved its aim adequately. What was much more thought provoking were the articles in section two which detailed the ways in which literate practices were inextricably related to social and cultural practices and values. Of particular value to me as well were the articles by Rockhill on Gender, language and the politics of literacy and Paolo Freire on Adult literacy processes . Language and Literacy in Social Practice is not a book of readings preaching to the converted. Rather it is a thought provoking collection of writings which will encourage the sensitive literacy educator to examine again the values one transmits. Particularly in the culturally plural Australian context, Maybins book provides readings that, while not specific to the Australian context, are nevertheless very easily transferrable in the principles and understandings they embody. So much so that if one were to carefully think through and implement by negotiation the broad principles outlined in the book, Language and Literacy in Social Practice could well serve as a blueprint for a policy framework for literacy education in any society that truly valued its cultural diversity and which was determined to provide the sort of education that would question the status quo. Additionally, it would offer all participants real access to those constructions of empowering literate behaviour that are the staple of the disourse practices and power relationships of everyday life. It is not, I dont believe, overly strong when Rockhill says that the politics of literacy are integral to the cultural genocide of a people . Language and Literacy in Social Practice raises the sorts of issues that will help us re-examine our own personal politics to prevent just that sort of cultural genocide no matter how well intentioned or how genteel our motives. It is a book for all educators, cutting across cultures and specifics, providing a body of thought that, if it doesnt change existing practice, will at the very least strongly encourage a reappraisal of what it is that one actually does in the classroom.

Banking Reforms in India Essay Example for Free

Banking Reforms in India Essay Cash reserve Ratio (CRR) is the amount of funds that the banks have to keep with the RBI. If the central bank decides to increase the CRR, the available amount with the banks comes down. The RBI uses the CRR to drain out excessive money from the system. Commercial banks are required to maintain with the RBI an average cash balance, the amount of which shall not be less than 3% of the total of the Net Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL), on a fortnightly basis and the RBI is empowered to increase the rate of CRR to such higher rate not exceeding 20% of the NDTL. What is Reverse Repo rate? Reverse Repo rate is the rate at which the RBI borrows money from commercial banks. Banks are always happy to lend money to the RBI since their money are in safe hands with a good interest. An increase in reverse repo rate can prompt banks to park more funds with the RBI to earn higher returns on idle cash. It is also a tool which can be used by the RBI to drain excess money out of the banking system. What is a Repo Rate? The rate at which the RBI lends money to commercial banks is called repo rate. It is an instrument ofmonetary policy. Whenever banks have any shortage of funds they can borrow from the RBI. A reduction in the repo rate helps banks get money at a cheaper rate and vice versa. The repo rate in India is similar to the discount rate in the US.

Benefits and Types of Family Therapy

Benefits and Types of Family Therapy If you are looking for love that has no reservation, you have to go to your family. Ideally, a family is bound by selfless love-the kind that will not abandon you in times of need. Your family is a unit with members who will love and support you, no matter what. In reality, however, very few families can stay ideally strong 100 percent of the time. Most families have issues, not because they are weak, but because conflicts are natural. Unfortunately, these conflicts can also weaken family ties through misunderstandings, anger, strained family dynamics, unmet expectations, etc. Avoiding conflict isnt a realistic way to strengthen your family ties, but family therapy is. Differing Views: The Root of All Conflicts Having dissimilar perceptions and takes on various matters is healthy for any family. It can potentially become unhealthy when these different views are conflicting or clashing and the family isnt communicating the way it should. The tricky thing is the bigger a family, the more clashing opinions there are. For instance, a couple with one child may have an easier time making decisions because there are fewer people to consider in the process. If you have an extended family, making rules could be more complicated. A teenager may perceive rules as an attempt to control them. A grandparent supporting either party can be viewed as interfering. Even the parents may not agree on strategies for disciplining their teen. Family love may deter everyone from further complicating the differences, so as not to make them bigger. It can, however, mean keeping their intense emotions bottled up. While this can effectively prevent an immediate confrontation, it doesnt work in the long run. Like a volcano, the brewing conflict can erupt, hurling harsh and painful words. Resolving conflicts with the assistance of an experienced family therapist is a healthier option. The Basics of Family Therapy Despite the differences and clashing views, you would not dream of ripping your family apart. In the face of all aridity and disenchantment your family is still as perennial as grass-loving you without ifs or buts. However, wouldnt you prefer to have a family that is resilient in the face of all your challenges? If you are looking for a way to fortify your family ties, you cant go wrong with family therapy. According to the Mayo Clinic, Family therapy is a type of psychological counseling (psychotherapy), which EFTA says is a well-established and evidence-based approach alongside other psychotherapeutic modalities. It is a type of therapy that assists families in improving their communication and interaction systems for the purpose of resolving their conflicts and reducing their distress. Family therapy is based on the premise that each family is unique with a culture all its own. To successfully address a family issue, treatment cant be limited to the members exhibiting symptoms. To treat only the member who is identified as ill is like treating the symptom of a disease, but not the disease itself, says WebMD. Reaping the Rewards of Family Counseling Family therapy is a productive approach that can serve the interest of not only the affected members, but the whole family. After all, healthy family relationships benefit all the members. So, when one member is struggling with a medical issue or several members are having conflicts because of communication problems, seek out family therapy. It is an effective approach because it is comprehensive and considerate of the respective needs and relationships existing within a family system. It aims to work with families and their strengths, rather than on them. It recognizes the uniqueness of each family and their culture. It also works by bringing the conflicting members together during therapy. In these ways, the whole family is engaged in a productive effort to settle differences and resolve the issues, while fostering continuing support for each other. The Family That Heals Together The enormous love that binds your family can make forgiving possible, but healing is not guaranteed. Often, settling family issues on your own means simply forgiving and forgetting, which is why they can recur and threaten to harm your relationship further. If you want to bring back harmony in the family or fortify your family bonds, the key is to resolve your issues in a healthy manner. You can do this with the help of a family therapist contracted with Carolina Counseling Services in Pinehurst, NC. A professional licensed therapist can facilitate your conflict resolution in a safe and unbiased environment. An impartial setting has the positive effect of encouraging participants to be more agreeable and cooperative, because they perceive the outcome to be objective and fair. To maintain the love that binds your family, dont wait for your issues to snowball-commit to family therapy with a reliable therapist independently contracted with Carolina Counseling Services in Pinehurst, NC, to withstand more vicious and larger storms in the future.

Should The Harris Superquarry Go Ahead? :: essays research papers

Should The Harris Superquarry Go Ahead? TABLE OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 LOCATION OF THE SUPERQUARRY  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 1 SUMMARY There is considerable environmental opposition to the development of the Harris superquarry. This is unlikely to stop the development on its own, but if the Scottish Office decides that the project can go ahead environmental restrictions are likely to be imposed on the operation to minimise, as far as possible, the impact. The reasons for the development centre round the need for economic development to bring jobs and prosperity to this remote area. The life of the quarry is expected to be around 60 years and provide an initial 30 jobs, rising to 80 as the quarry reaches peak production. The question is if a superquarry is the best solution to the problems of a remote rural area. What will happen when the jobs come to an end and would another form of investment not be more appropriate to their needs? Would the presence of a quarry restrict the choice for further development? Could an integrated approach be adopted and a 2nd generation quarry planned? The decision of whether or not to go ahead cannot be delayed indefinitely as Norway and Spain are looking at developing their own. If it is to go ahead then an early start will give Harris a stronger position in the market. 2 INTRODUCTION This report examines the controversy and key issues surrounding the superquarry at Rodel, Lingerbay on the southern coast of the Isle of Harris (Figure 1) and attempts to find an acceptable solution. The quarry will hollow out the heart of the mountain but leave enough of a shell to leave the skyline largely unaffected. The whole question of whether or not it should go ahead or not is the subject of the current public enquiry in Stornaway. A decision must be made soon. The market for aggregates is limited, Norway and Spain (Section 3.1, 1991) have their own sites and are also looking at the potential for developing them. FIGURE 1 LOCATION OF THE SUPERQUARRY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Glasgow Herald, 20/10/94) 3 THE ISSUES SURROUNDING THE DEBATE 3.1 History 1927  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A detailed geological survey identified the deposit of anorthosite. 1965  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Planning permission was given in principle to quarry the rock. The remit covered a larger site than is planned today. 1966  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some small scale quarrying took place but found an on site rock crushing plant and a deep harbour were necessary for economic viability. 74-76  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Outline planning permission was given for quarrying, shipping and loading facilities but this was never acted on. 1977  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Scottish Office issued National Planning Guidelines. Harris was identified as one of 9 potential sites. (The Scotsman 18/7/93)

Invisible Man Essay: The Phases of Invisibility -- Invisible Man Essay

The Phases of Invisibility in Invisible Man      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To be invisible is to be unable to be seen by anyone without artificial aid.   The invisible man is more impossible to locate than the proverbial needle in a haystack.   In Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man, the main character, I., progresses through various phases of symbolic invisibility.      The story begins with I. recounting the various steps and incidents that led him to realize his invisibility.   I.'s grandfather was a meek and humble man, and therefore surprised I. when he told him to "live with your head in the lion's mouth, overcome 'em with yeses, agree 'em to death and destruction."   This statement is the ever-present current that guides I. to his eventual self-discovery.   It haunts him beyond his discovery and even remains after his acceptance of his situation, where the reader realizes that even I. does not fully understand his grandfather's words.   The battle royal serves to open his eyes, although only slightly, only to be re-closed, because I. still gives his acceptance speech to the crowd of prominent white men from the town. These are the same men who were moments ago screaming "let me at that big nigger". Yet he still assumes these men respect him for his intelligence, and are taking him seriously. Upon reflection he realizes that this is whe n he really started running for the white man. He was playing their games, trying to grab the electrified money, not looking at the naked white woman, these men really started him running and taught him their game he was expected to play. The next big shock came after I.'s encounter with Mr. Norton, a prominent white man and huge contributor to the University he was attending. He takes Mr. Norton into the old slave... ...ntinues on to explore his newfound knowledge. There is a hope for those that are invisible, which so many are, that you may be able to come to terms with your transparency.    Works Cited Bellow, Saul. "Man Underground" Review of Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man. Commentary. June 1952. 1st December 1999<http://www.english.upeen.edu/~afilreis /50s/bellow-on-ellison.html Earl, Gerald. "Decoding Ralph Ellison" Essay obtained from IGC.org Summer '97. 30 November. <http://www.igc.org/dissent/archive/summer97/early.html Howe, Irving. "Black Boys and Native Sons" English Dept. at Univ. Penn. 1 December 1999 <http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/howe-blackboys.html. Howe, Irving. "Review of: Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man" Pub. The Nation. 10 May 1952. 30 November 1999. <http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/howe-on-ellison.html.

Dark Ages of Nursing Essay

During the late middle ages (1000-1500) because of crowding and poor sanitation in the monasteries nurses went into the community. During this era hospitals were built and the number of medical schools increase. Between 1500 and 1860 (A.D.) politics, the Renaissance all affected nursing. As nursing was not valued as an intellectual endeavour it lost much of its economic support and social status at the start of the Renaissance. The deterioration of Catholicism which had supported the monasteries, hospitals, and nursing was led to the climax of its decay by the Protestant Reformation. A widespread movement of suppression of monasteries occurred similar to that in England which was brought about by Henry (VIII) who had used the advantage of Protestantism to free himself from Papal authority. The King used his revolt of the church based on the Roman Catholic Church refusal to sanction his divorce. He destroyed over 600 monasteries during his Protestants revolt. The immediate result of t he monastic dissolution was the hospitals and inns were suddenly snatched away from a public dependent upon them for many centuries. Which caused the poor to be without any principle organized system of relief. An additional effect of the Reformation was the complete withdrawal of medicine from the monastery to the University. Thus medicine found a refuge that was denied to nursing. Medical advancement had been assured while the techniques of nursing remained unchanged in the guardianship of brothers, and nuns who continued practising nursing. The Protestants viewed the woman’s place as being in the home raising children. Industrial class women took in work or went out to work. As nursing was not considered acceptable even to the industrial classes nurses were usually immoral, drunken, illiterate, and/or prostitutes. Nurses were considered to be the lowest level of human society. A decline in the quality of public service for the sick was noticeable towards the end of the mid dle ages. It took about 200 years for the public to recognize the need to pay for quality nursing care to restart vocational desirability. The public first had to separate nursing from domestic service in which it had become deeply entangled. Mismanagement, inadequacy, suffering and deliberate exploitation made things worse. Civil appointees who were men undertook leadership and withheld authority from women – who then lost control over nursing. Matrons were put in charge of secular riff raff who were taken on as nurses. The word â€Å"Sister† was retained to please the public for amongst the rich and poor it had come to be associated with the sympathy and encouragement of the monastic nuns. The latter half of the period between 1500 to 1860 A.D. saw nursing conditions at their worst and has been called the dark period of nursing. New hospitals had been built but quickly became places of horror as unsanitary conditions caused them to be a source of epidemics and disease. Furthermore a taxation upon windows caused windows to be bricked up in places of the poor and hospitals thus removing natural lighting and fresh air thus creating further a situation which bred disease and epidemics. Seldom were opposite sexes and different disease separated. Often hospital beds were shared. Nurses when off duty slept within hearing range of their patients and were still on call. Crowding of wards often made them impossible to clean. Because of the high demands placed upon nursing staff nursing procedures which were limited and simple became even more limited and simple. Cleansing of patients was no longer attempted. Only the usual nursing treatments such as bleeding and purging were ordered. Because of the hard work, long hours, poor pay, and poor food respectable women were not expected to do nursing. The majority of the work consisted of housework, scrubbing and laundry which had hours which varied between 12 to sometimes 48 hours. Character nor training was a consideration in nursing. In 1545 the council of Trent decreed that every community of women should live in strict enclosure. It took over 200 years of resistance for women to overcome this decree. The nursing sisters of France made little or no resistance such that their professional standards deteriorated. During the Renaissance (1500-1850 A.D.) the interests in the arts and sciences increased such that there were many developments in the technologies for and care of the sick. Transition from health care by religious orders where nursing was practised were replaced by hospitals where conditions were dependent upon the economic support of the people requiring care. Even though there were significant advancements in science because nursing was still seen as something that should only be done by those who could not find another way in which to make money the nursing profession did not advance. The dark ages of nursing lasted for three centuries until the mid 2800’s when Florence Nightingale brought about a change. Even though the advancement of medicine did not affect nursing during the Renaissance – in the late 1500’s several groups began nursing during the Renaissance – in the late 1500’s several groups began nursing and tending the sick, poor, and dying. Amongst these groups were St. Francis de Sales, the Order of the Visitation of Mary, St. Vincent DePaul, the Sisters of Charity, Dames de Chari te’, Louise le Gras, Brothers Hospitallers of St. John, Albuquerque, Order of St. Augustine, St. Camillas De Lellis, Jeanne Biscot, and the Nursing Sisters of St. Joseph de La Fleche. Many of these people came from rich and influential families. Thus setting the trend for their peers to become involved in charitable nursing and institutions of nursing. When such institutions of charitable nursing were shown to do well the ruling classes and churches would begin supporting these economically. The views of the well to do upon the nursing care of the sick, mentally ill, elderly, dying and indigent had a strong influence upon the presence and quality or lack of nursing care available during the Medieval Times through the Renaissance.

Innocent Segmentation

innocent segmentation 1 Segmentat the market for innocent’s smoothie products using relevant segmentation criteria. In order to describe the segmentation of the consumer market of innocent’s smoothie products i’m going to use three relevant segmentation criteria such as: behavioural, psychographic and profile. Talking about the behaviour of customers we can segmentate the market of innocent in this way: The smoothies are addressed to customers that want healthy food, and live in a healthy way, and they are sure to find in innocent a very high quality products.They could want also to improve their self-image because innocent has a strong reputation and for its high levels of price is not affordable for all. Customers’ perception of the innocent’s products is a high level quality perception and they appreciate innocent also because its ethical commitment in the environment and society trying to make better the world around the company. Psychographic: the customers that buy innocent’s smoothies are cash-rich, time poor, health conscious consumers, who have not time to eat enough fruit or to prepare healthy meals.They can be young workers, middle aged people, family that live in cities and are very busy with them works but are aware of their health and they want to consume the right amount of fruit and vegetable per day, and they want to leave in a healthy way. Demographic: the innocent’s smoothies are sold in certain supermarkets principally in UK and Ireland but also in other european markets such as Netherlands, France, Germany, Scandinavia and others.Customers of these products are well-to-do city’s inhabitants, their age is variable, they can be young workers, like so middle-aged people with families or not, both man and woman. Describe the current segment of innocent. The current segment of innocent is that its product are oriented in the european markets to people that are aware of their health and want to have a health life, that have money to spend on, that are environmental sensible people and that have not a lot of time to waste.Which segment, or segments, should innocent target next? In my opinion the next segment that innocent should target is the market of old people. I think this because there are a lot of old people that are aware of their helth, that have money to spend and that want to live in a healthy way but nowadays they are not attracted by innocent’s products because its products aren’t thought for them. Therefore i think that innocent should develop an array of products thought specifically for old people to serve this segment. 3 What are the strenght and weaknesses of innocent’s product/branding strategy? Innocent has built a very successful business in the smoothie market by offering quality, fresh products and by behaving in an openly ethical manner, this has created a brand that from the point of view of customers it means quality and hea lthy products, its ethical strategy is using fresh and pure fruits and not use any preservatives, stabilizers or concentrates in its drink.Therefore when customers buy Innocent brand they know that they are aquiring healthy products eco-friendly. So this is a strenghts of this approach and also the fact of being active in charity events and also the firm assures to the customers that 10% of its profits is destinated to charity activitie through the Innocent’s foundation. The company wants also to leave things a little better than it found them. So it has an ethical approach and aspires to be an ethical business.One weakness of this approach could be that by aspiring to be an ethical business, Innocence offers its products with a high price category and the message that is communicated is that if you want healthy products you have to pay more than other products and many costumers even if they wanted to buy innocent’s products they could not be able to afford this array of products. Another weaknesses of the innocent’s product’s strategy is that since it has decided not to use any preservatives, stabilizers or concentrates its products has a shorter shelf life in the supermarket in which they are sold.For this reason it requires an exceptionally slick system of distribution. Instead strenghts of branding strategies are events and activities organized by the company to increase and improve the brand’s awareness, such as â€Å"innocent village fete† , organized every year in Regent’s Park in London,and free tour aroun its headquarters,then it has also brand extension that is also a strenght of its strategy and it is the innocent foundations established to do charity activities in different countries and that received every year from innocent’s overall income the 10%.Another branding strategy’s strenght is the choice of lower-case letters for the brand’s writing that expresses the unconventiol w ay of the company to communicate with its audience customers.

Enron Ethics Essay

This article tries to show how the company’s culture had profound effects on the ethics of its employee? And particularly in this case: how did Enron lose both its economical and ethical status? This question makes the Enron case interesting to us as business ethicists. Enron ethics means that business ethics is a question of organizational â€Å"deep† culture rather than of cultural artifacts like ethics codes, ethics officers and the like. BackgroundAt the beginning Enron faced a number of financially difficulty years. In 1988, the deregulation of the electrical power market took effect and Enron redefined its business to energy broker and got a thriving company. The company became a â€Å"matchmaker† in the power industry, bringing buyers and sellers together. Enron embraced a culture that rewarded â€Å"cleverness†. Pushing the limits was considered a survival skill; the motto of the CEO Jeffry Skilling was â€Å"Do it right, do it now and do it better†. This culture admires innovation and unchecked ambition and publicly punishes poor performance can produce big return in the short term. However, in the long run, achieving additional value by constantly â€Å"upping the ante† becomes harder and harder. A lot of smoke and mirrorsWith Enron’s spectacular success, the business community rewarded Enron for its cleverness and Enron’s executives felt driven by this reputation to sustain the explosive growth of the late 1990s, even when they logically knew that it was not possible. In order to indicate that the company was not as successful as it appeared, Enron entered into a deceiving web of partnerships and employed increasingly questionable accounting methods to maintain its investment-grade status. PartnershipsTo push the value envelope, Enron created â€Å"special purpose vehicles† (SPV), pseudo-partnerships that allowed the company to sell assets and â€Å"create† earnings that artificially enhanced its bottom line. Enron exaggerated earnings by recognizing gains on the sale of assets to SPVs. An example is the partnership with Blockbuster which was intended to provide movies to homes directly over phones lines. In this case Enron recorded $ 110.9 million in profits prematurely, even if these profits were never realized as the partnership after only a 1,000-home pilot. Therefore booking  earnings before they are realized were rather â€Å"early† than wrong. The culture at Enron was quickly eroding the ethical boundaries of its employees. Keeping debt off the balance sheetTo avoid that a highly leveraged balance sheet would threaten its credit rating, Enron parked some of its debt on the balance sheet of its SPVs and kept hidden from analysts and investors. This can be read as another example of ethical erosion, but Enron’s decision makers saw the shuffling of debt rather as a timing issue and not as an ethical one. Partnerships at â€Å"arm’s length†Enron enlisted help from its outside accountants and its attorneys to guarantee that the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) did not consider its partnerships as Enron subsidiaries. Enron crafted relationships that looked (legally) like partnerships, although they were (in practice) subsidiaries. A closer look at the partnerships would have revealed that the outside investments came from companies that were owned by Enron. Conflicts of interestEnron officials obviously had close ties with its partnerships. For example, the CFO war partial owner of two of the most important partnerships. The culture of cleverness at Enron started as a pursuit of excellence that devolved into the appearance of excellence as executives worked to develop clever ways of preserving Enron’s infallible faà §ade of success; for the good of the company, Enron’s executives also began to bend the rules for personal again. Once a culture’s ethical boundaries are breached thresholds of more extreme ethical compromises become lower. The self-reinforcing decline of EnronThe sum of incremental ethical transgressions produced the business catastrophe. As partnerships began to fail with increasing regularity, Enron was liable for millions of dollars it had not anticipated losing. The financial implosionThe partnerships that once boosted earnings and allowed Enron to prosper became the misplaced card that caused the Enron  house to collapse. The very results Enron had sought to prevent – falling stock prices, lack of consumer and financial market confidence – came about as a direct result of decisions that had been driven by Enron’s culture. The Enron case of ethical failure consists of more than a series of questionable business dealings. Enron employees, who had been encouraged to invest heavily in the company, found themselves unable to remove and salvage their investments. The company culture of individualism, innovation, and aggressive cleverness left Enron without compassionate, responsible leadership. Leadership mechanisms and organizational culture at EnronLeadership is the critical component of the organization’s culture because leaders can create, reinforce or change the organization’s culture. According to Schein (1985) there are five primary mechanisms that a leader can use to influence an organization’s culture: attention, reaction to crises, role modelling, allocation of rewards, criteria of selection and dismissal. AttentionIf the leaders of the organizations focus on the bottom line, employees believe that financial success is the leading value to consider. Enron executives’ attention was clearly focused on profits, power, greed and influence; â€Å"Profits at all costs†. As Stern has suggested, if the organization’s leaders seem to care only about the short-term bottom line, employees quickly get the message too. Reaction to crisesSchein asserts, that a crisis tests what the leader values and brings these values to the surface. With each impending crisis, leaders have an opportunity to communicate throughout the organization what the company’s values are. Enron was facing a crisis of how to sustain a phenomenal growth rate. Leaders reacted by defending a culture that valued profitability, even when it was at the expense of everything else. The mantra at Enron seems to be that ethical wrongdoing is to be hidden at any cost; deny, play the dupe, claim ignorance, lie, quit. It appears that the truth and its consequences have been a part of the Enron culture. Role modeling (how leaders behave)Actions speak louder than words –  therefore- modeling behaviour is a very powerful tool that leaders have to develop and influence corporate culture. Employees observe the behaviour of leaders to find out what is valued in the organization. Perhaps, this was the most significant shortcoming of Enron executives. Enron’s leaders’ primary message about their values was sent through their own actions. They broke the law as they concentrated on financial measures and used of the creative partnerships. It also sent a message to employees that full and complete disclosure is not a requirement, or even recommended. If the company achieved short-term benefits by hiding information, it was acceptable. The leadership of Enron almost certainly dictated the company’s outcome through their own actions by providing perfect conditions for unethical behaviour. Just as the destiny of individuals is determined by personal character, the destiny of an organization is determined by the character of its leadership. Allocation of rewardsThe behaviour of people rewarded with pay increases or promotions signals to others what is necessary to succeed in an organization. To ensure that values are accepted, leaders should reward behaviour that is consistent with the values. Enron’s reward system established a â€Å"win-at-all-costs† focus. The company’s leadership promoted ant retained only those employees that produced consistently, with little regard to ethics. â€Å"The moral of this story is break the rule, you can cheat, you can lie, but as long as you make money, it’s all right†. The company’s compensation structure contributed to an unethical work culture, too – by promoting self-interest above any other interest. Enron’s reward system rewarded individuals who embraced Enron’s aggressive, individualistic culture and were based on short-term profits and financial measures. Criteria of selection and dismissal (how leaders hire end fire employees)The selection of newcomers to an organization is a powerful way of how a leader reinforces culture. Leaders often unconsciously look for individuals who are similar to current organizational members in terms of values and assumptions. This tends to perpetuate the culture because the new employees typically hold similar values. The CIO of Enron (Skilling) perpetuated a focus on short-term transactional endeavours from the very beginning by  hiring employees that embodied the beliefs that he was trying to instil: aggressiveness, greed, a will to win at all costs, and an appreciation for circumventing the rules. The way a company fires an employee and the rationale behind the firing also communicate the culture. Some company deal with poor performers by trying to find them a place within the organization where they can perform better and make a contribution. At Enron, fifteen to twenty percent of producers were let go or fired after a formal evaluation process each year. Final comments and suggestions for future work†Consequences of unethical or illegal actions are not usually realized until much later when the act is committed†. Enron’s culture is a good example of groupthink where individuals feel extreme pressure not to express any real strong arguments against any co-workers’ action. Employee were loyal in an ambiguous sense of the term, they wanted to be seen as part of the star team and to partake in the benefits that that honor entailed. Two of the most important lessons to learn from the Enron culture history is that bad top management morality can be a sufficient condition for creating a self-destructive ethical climate and that a well-filled CSR (corporate social responsibility) and business ethics toolbox can neither stop nor compensate for such processes. Enron is a case of deceiving corporate citizenship and of surface or faà §ade ethics. A typology with moral cultures can be draft with two dimensions: ethicalness of an organization culture and presence of business ethical tools of artifacts (ethics officers, codes of ethics, value statement). Enron looks at first sight like â€Å"type I†, like a classical business ethics case, with a typical mix of â€Å"amorality† and â€Å"immorality†. But the thesis of the authors is that Enron is an at least as good illustration of â€Å"type II†, of window-dressing ethics, with talking instead of walking, ethics as rhetoric. While â€Å"type II† looks modern, â€Å"type III† looks like the old-fashioned type of moral business ethics, CSR, marketing and public relations were invented with collective moral conscience as consistent label and content, perhaps additionally communicating moral humbleness, with a  touch of British understatement. â€Å"Type IV† refers to a moral role business culture in the age of marketing and public relations, with walking the talk, with showing and confessing openly its collective moral conscience. Bibliography: http://www.springerlink.com/content/p712j1555807774r/ Enron Ethics (Or: Culture Matters More than Codes) – Ronald R. Sims, Johannes Brinkmann

Sample Research Chapter

Background of the study Seafaring Is one of the most common profession in the Philippines. Working contractually for a number of months away from their love ones and experiencing the challenges of the corners for several days without seeing any landmarks are their sacrifices for monetary purposes. As a result, seafarers are prone to depression and anxiety. These cases are avoidable yet if not prevented and given much attention It might Jeopardize the safety of the crew working on board the vessel.Depression is a psychiatric disorder characterized by an inability to concentrate, insomnia, loss of appetite, feelings of extreme sadness, guilt, helplessness and hopelessness, and thoughts of death (http://www. Differentially. Com/depression). According to Jeanne Seal, Ph. D et. Al Lully 2013), a depressed person feels helpless and hopeless, loss of interest in daily activities, easily irritated, physically drained, concentration problems and in serious cases, may act recklessly.These acts will jeopardized the safety of other crew, the ship and the environment. Thus, this state should be cured and prevented. The Olio's Maritime Labor Convention (ML), 2006 provides comprehensive rights 1 OFF and protection at work tort the world's more than 1. 2 million starters. Convention aims to achieve both decent work for seafarers and secure economic interests in fair competition for quality ship-owners (http://www. Oil. Org/global/ standards/maritime-labor-convention/Lang–en/index. Tm). It has also a specific regulation regarding recreational facilities, Mail and Ship Visit Arrangement which will help lessen the effects of depression. This research study aims to determine the compliance of passenger ships berthing in port of Lillo on ML 2006 , Guideline 83. 1. 11 which is all about Recreational Facilities, Mail and Ship visit arrangement which will help to avoid mental and emotional stress and to build a safe operation on board.Statement of the Problem This study aims to determine the compliance of selected passenger ships berthing in Lillo Domestic Port on ML 2006 Guideline, 83. 1. 11 (Recreational Facilities, mail and ship visit arrangement) Specifically, this study sought to answer the following question: 1) What is the percentage of compliance of the selected passenger ships berthing and ship visit arrangement)? 2) What is the percentage, from the selected Passenger ships, which fully comply on ML 2006 Guideline, 83. . 11 (Recreational Facilities, mail and ship visit arrangement) Significance of the Study The study aimed to determine the compliance of passenger ships berthing on Lillo Domestic Port as per ML Guidelines 83. 1. 11( Recreational Facilities, Mail and Ship Visit Arrangement). The result of the study would be beneficial to the following passenger ships. Through this study, they would be aware to comply with the Maritime Labor Convention 2006 requirement.The companies would be aware of the needed requirement for their ships with regar ds to the recreational, facilities, mail and ship visit arrangement as per the Maritime Labor Convention Standard. This would give them the assurance that the living of seafarers on board utilizing the recreational facilities equipped on board are as per the standard. Definition of Terms Compliance- is the act or process of complying to a desire, demand, proposal, or regimen or to coercion. In this study, it refers to the compliance on ML 2006 Guidelines 83. . 11 (Recreational facilities, visit and ship visit arrangement) Passenger Ship – is a merchant ship whose primary function is to carry passenger, In this study, it refers to the selected watercraft's carrying passengers with 500 gross tonnage and above.

Cardioversion

Cardioversion Have you ever felt like your heart was racing, fluttering or skip a beat? This can be a sign of cardiac arrhythmia and it is common especially in older adults. If you experience this occasionally they are usually harmless. However, some arrhythmias that last longer can be critical and require management and treatment. Cardiac arrhythmia is a class of conditions in which the electrical activity of the heart is abnormal. One way to correct certain arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter is by performing a medical procedure called â€Å"Cardioversion†. As a group, we will like to explain why it is important to distinguish when cardioversion will be used versus defibrillation. According to heart.com website, â€Å"Arrhythmias can produce a broad range of symptoms, from barely perceptible to cardiovascular collapse and death.† There are different diagnostic tests used to confirm arrhythmias. We will also explain the two types of cardioversion procedures used to correct an irregular heartbeat and what occurs before, during and after cardioversion. We will discuss nursing implications including patient education throughout the process of a cardioversion procedure. An arrhythmia is a change in the rhythm of your heartbeat. Arrhythmias are more serious if you have other heart problems. Cardioversion is a corrective procedure to change or convert an irregular heart rhythm back to normal sinus rhythm. This procedure is usually elective, the patient is awake but sedated and a consent form must be signed prior to the procedure. According to heart.com website, cardioversions are done to treat atrial fibrillation (AFib) or atrial flutter (AFL) and non-life threatening irregular rhythms in the top of the heart. It is also used in less urgent cases to try to convert the rhythm back to normal. Defibrillation is for immediately life-threatening arrhythmias, the patient does not have a pulse such as ventricular fibrillation (VF) or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT). The goal for both is to deliver electrical energy to the heart to shock the heart temporarily allowing a normal sinus rhythm to kick in via the hearts normal pacemaker. For cases where an electrical shock is needed, if the patient is stable, and you can see a QRS-t complex you will use (LOW ENERGY) synchronized cardioversion. However, if the patient is pulseless, or if the patient is unstable and the defibrillator will not synchronize, you will use (HIGH ENERGY) unsynchronized cardioversion (defibrillation). Patients who have arrhythmias can be asystematic. When arrhythmias last long enough to upset how well the heart functions, more serious symptoms can occur such as syncope or near-fainting spells, chest pain and fatigue. In severe cases, collapse and sudden cardiac arrest can emerge. Diagnostic tests used to confirm arrhythmia are chest x-rays, blood tests, stress test and electrocardiogram. There are other tests or procedures used to determine arrhythmias; however, an electrocardiogram is the most common. ECG is used to check for signs of heart disease. Its a test that records the electrical activity of your heart through small electrode patches that are placed on the chest, arms, and legs. The ECG diagnostic test is commonly used because it’s reliable, fast, safe and painless.

Early years in the uk context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Early years in the uk context - Essay Example As a result, most schools in England tend to have more advanced examinations with small class sizes as opposed to the Scotland schools that are generally characterized by large class sizes and less advanced examinations (Gearon, 2002, p.36). Additionally, the average age range for primary schools in Scotland is between 4 and 12 and this is equivalent of the English reception classes. With regard to the curriculum differences, early education in England follows the strict national curriculum that applies to the states of England, Northern Ireland and Wales. The National curriculum requires the compulsory teaching of subjects such as English, Science, Math, ICT, Geography, Design technology, Physical education and the optional modern foreign languages On the other hand, Scotland is currently in the process of implementing its own model of education curriculum for academic excellence. The educational reform in Scotland is particularly aimed at providing a wide education as well as impro ving the flexibility and the range of courses being offered in Scottish schools for early learners especially those of the age below 18 years. Consequently the Scottish CfE programme has focused on improving the capacities of the pupils and helping them become successful, confident responsible and effective contributors to the national development. This paper critically discusses the main policy aspect that has resulted in the curriculum differences in early education between England and Scotland. The National Curriculum and the Early Years Foundation Stage act According to Holt and Donnell, (1999, p.78), one of the policies that have significantly shaped the early education across the United Kingdom is the Early Years Foundation Stage act which was passed in 2006 and became effective in 2008. The act not only stipulates a set of welfare requirements to be observed in the early education systems but also specifies some of the learning and development requirements that should be foll owed by the providers of early education especially to children under the age of compulsory education in the UK. The national learning and development requirements are however applicable to England only and are therefore not observed in the other countries such as Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It is this policy aspect that has resulted in significant differences in early learning between England and Scotland. England for this case has been able to revise various policies that aim at improving the education sector. Of importance to note is that some of the aspects of the curriculum used in England tend to differ with the ones used in Scotland. Earlier education policies in England such as Early Years Foundation Stage take into consideration an aspect of welfare requirements for the child. In Scotland the polices major on learning and development for children bellow five years that all education institutions have to adhere to as a form of policy to streamline the sector. Learn ing and development requirements have been majorly emphasized in England as compared to Scotland that majorly majors on the welfare aspects of children in the early stages of learning. All early childhood institutions have to register under the childcare act so as to legally operate and comply with

The Role of the YOT Social Worker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Role of the YOT Social Worker - Essay Example As the paper outlines the majority of young offenders commit crimes not because of their cruelty or genetics, but rather because they do not see another option to survive or feel societal pressure from peers and family. This paper examines the legal rights of young people, analyze the differences between police and social services functions and discuss the possible balance between the two institutions on the example of Jordan family. As it clear from the situation in Jordan family, the mother is not capable to satisfy the basic needs of her children who are left on their own and can decide what to do without asking the permission. Taking into account that the daughters are old enough to understand that their actions are wrong, the social worker’s help and assistance is vital – social worker should find the method to explain girls the wrongness of their actions . The son aged 8 is not capable to understand the seriousness of his participation in thefts and his physical, emotional and educational needs are not met. He is at risk of suffering harm and the intrusion of social worker might have effect on the child of any change in circumstances.   As it is clear from the study, all of the three children have not attended the school, at least at the day they were caught stealing at the mall. Most likely, it is not the first time they do not go to school. Under section 36 of the Children Act 1989, every child of compulsory school age should be properly educated. Joanne, Claire and Sammy are neglecting this right and their parents are not controlling the attendance to school.  

Interview A Manager Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Interview A Manager - Assignment Example In its long journey Coca Cola has done many mergers and acquisitions which have contributed a lot in the growth and development of the company. The firm operates its business through franchise distribution. It only manufactures the syrup and then sent it to various bottling partners. In many places the company itself owns many bottlers. Manager is an important person of an organization. He plays a vital role in planning and directing works to its subordinates. He develops important strategies for growth and development of the company. Under his guidance the company performs vital tasks. The manager has the power to hire and fire employees working under him. He has the authority to judge the performance of its subordinates and give promotion to them. He is the person responsible for administrating and controlling the functions of the organization. A company has different types of manager’s accordi9ng to its divisions. One of the famous managers of Coca Cola is Brandon M. Buchanan. He is with the company for past 17years. For past 1year 3 months he holds the position of District Sales manager of Coca Cola. Brandon M. Buchanan feels pride for working in Coca Cola. In 1996 he joined the company. Now he holds the position of district sales manager. It is a large store in Phoenix, Arizon. As a manager of this store he has to execute sales for generating more revenue. He supervises different promotional activities of the store in Arizon district. It helps to influence the sales figure of that region. He plays a vital role in developing the market for the products of Coca Cola through building community relationship. One of its important job responsibilities is to train and develop its subordinates for achieving the goals and objectives of District Sales Team. He assists its team members in innovating and developing new business plans and opportunities. Brandon M. Buchanan set up and delivers profit and budgeted volume at the

Alzheimer's disease and relationship to nutrition and hormone Essay

Alzheimer's disease and relationship to nutrition and hormone - Essay Example Alzheimer is mostly seen in individuals who are above the age of forty five and it principally develops into dementia in its latter stages. It is characterized by loss of cognitive abilities which occurs due to the loss of normal brain functions. In the latter stages of Alzheimer Disease the sufferer becomes totally disoriented and shows memory loss such that he is not able to recognize his very close family members. (Evans et al, 1989; Gao et al, 1999). The primary feature of Alzheimer Disease is the atrophy of the cortex. But in some cases it is seen that neuritic processes may accumulate, abnormalities in cerebral nucleus may occur or amyloid angiopathy may be seen. The question now stands as to why Alzheimer disease onsets in an individual. To answer this question many aspects of the disease are analyzed. Nutrition is presumed to be directly related to the onset of Alzheimer’s disease. Research done on the relation of the nutritional status of an individual has shown that Vitamin D may have a direct relation with the onset of Alzheimer. A research by Dr Grant proves that Alzheimer’s may be related to low serum levels of Vitamin D. It is said by Dr Grant that old people usually have the deficiency of Vitamin D because of which dental caries, diabetes mellitus and depression may arise in individuals. And all these diseases together are presumed to be a cause for Alzheimer Disease. Relating nutrition to Alzheimer has paved way for many researches to be done on this issue (Drug Week, 2009). Such a research was done to find the relation between folate and the risk of Alzheimer Disease. It was seen in this research that individuals who consumed folate were greatly reducing the risk of acquiring Alzheimer Disease. The incidence rate was calculated to be 45% as the individuals consuming folate were decreasing their risk of acquiring Alzheimer by 55%. The research compared the individuals who were taking folate regularly to those who were not and it was

Enterprinureship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Enterprinureship - Essay Example s / her desired outcomes Thus from an overall perspective, innovation can be described as an engine that drives the functionality and growth of a business process either small or large. Looking at the present market scenario, it can be stated that business process has turned its innovation and technology level as a competitive factor in terms of proving their efficiency and superiority over other competitors (Kakouris, 2010; Annan, 2013). Rapid development and attainment of technology by Entrepreneurs gradually provide them with one specific factor through which they can express themselves in an effective manner. This specific factor can be termed as ‘uniqueness’. Taking reference from the marketing concepts, it can be stated that uniqueness is actually what that ensures the survival of a business process along with decreases the level of market competition. As a result of all these, the discussion will remain majorly focused towards evaluating the necessity of innovatio n in terms of supporting the business processes as established by the Entrepreneurs. Furthermore, elaborations regarding these aspects have been provided in the later portions of the discussion. The aim of this paper will be towards evaluating the role of innovation in supporting the business establishment and business continuation of the Entrepreneurs. In an associated manner, this discussion will also aim towards understanding how innovation can be used as a major tool for business processes that expects a better position within the global market. Okpara (2007), in context to innovation has elaborated about the necessity of creativity within Entrepreneurship. Creativity as per Okpara (2007) is the root of new business ideas, which has the potential of providing an entrepreneur, the required career development opportunity. The misalignment of this creativity factor can also be found within major causes of large scale business failures. Speaking from the marketing point of view, one can say

A Review of Literature on How to Manage International Joint Venture - 1

A of on How to Manage International Joint Venture Successfully - Literature review Example This presents companies with greater opportunity to explore new foreign markets. IJV is an endeavor by a foreign firm to complement its product with local inputs and knowledge or in another case where the foreign firm has no right for property acquisition. Although IJVs have greater advantages, many severe problems appear to be intrinsic characteristics associated with poor IJV management. Many researches revealed that IJVs are volatile, hard to effectively manage and often fail especially when the venture is formed in a developing country. These researches stress that main reason for failure is inherent difficulties and tensions between the firms in managing the IJVs. Why Joint Ventures Fail Rond and Bouchikhi (2004) highlighted that this form of organization is quite challenging. In this context, cooperation as the main characteristic inherently required to defuse internal and external tensions. Hamel (1991) identifies the possibility of incompatibility with partner’s object ives resulting in conflict of resource priorities. This makes ventures prone to instability and ultimately to failure (Yan & Zeng, 1999). Many joint ventures are destined to failure because of following reasons:- Unrealistic Idea – In ideal scenario, companies form joint ventures because they do not have the required resources or expertise to undertake such efforts at their own. In fact, this form of partnership is more directed by risk sharing rather than resource sharing. Risks associated need to be evaluated because the risks identified by one firm prior to forming the venture would still be there and may not be mitigated by the cooperation of two firms turning into an unrealistic idea prone to failure. Inadequate Planning – Usually, there are no plans and what is available is a statement of intention or a form of memorandum of understanding describing the contribution and profit shares of both the firms. However, there lacks a proper plan for managing the venture, accomplishing the actual task and set the modalities of interaction and conflict resolution between the two firms. The plan must include:- The arrangement on which Joint Venture is based Future tax planning Both party’s contribution and obligation to provide resources Provisions for meeting the future needs Logistics planning Decision making and management Distribution of earned assets Issue and conflict resolution Conditions and provisions for conclusion Inadequate Capital Investment- Both parties usually allocate a fixed amount of budget that is deemed enough for the Joint Venture to meet its end objectives. However, costs overrun resulting in dispute and arguments. This necessitates thorough risk management planning and allocate contingency amount to cater for such situations. Lack of Leadership –In Joint Ventures, each party would like to act in leadership role to take control of situation and credit to itself. This may result in stalemate causing huge damage to ve ntures. Thus it is very critical to define in the beginning the roles and the mode for conduct of daily operations. Lack of Commitment – Companies usually expect huge and quick profits from a Joint Venture and when expectations are not realized, the parties begin to lose interest in the venture. Thus it is very

Curriculum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Curriculum - Essay Example Mark Smith (1996) is one of the theorists who studied various definitions of curriculum as described by many educationalists. He described curriculum in a range of approaches. One of them is linked to syllabus or a body of knowledge to be transmitted to the students. Smith also stressed that curriculum is a set of objectives, where there is a drawn-up plan to apply intended objectives with a measurable outcome. Another alternative definition is that curriculum is a student’s total experience. It comprises teachers’ and students’ communication and relationships between them. Smith also recommends that curriculum is one’s ability to apply theory to practice. Language Arts is one essential subject area that hones communication skills of students. Being knowledgeable in literature, grammar and writing is one important goal for them that will greatly benefit them in their growth and development. This paper will compare 7th Grade Language Arts curriculum guides of three district schools in New Jersey, namely the Hillside, Union and Orange Public Schools. The comparison will only be based on the guides acquired from these schools and not from how their curriculums are implemented. Of the three schools, Hillside Public School provided the most comprehensive curriculum guide. Next was the Orange School which also provided a clear outline indicating the goals of the Language Arts program and how its assessment strategies. Union School provided the least comprehensive guide, with just the use of cue words in enumerating its curriculum content and suggested activities. Demographics The district of Union had the biggest population at 62,629 followed by Orange at 31,165 and Hillside at 21,229. Of these populations, Hillside had the highest number of children of school age (5-17 years) at 18.27%, closely followed by Union at 16.01 % and Orange at 15.29%. Union had the highest number of Caucasians at 71.15%. Hillside had 30.64% and Orange had the lo west number at 9.72%. Its majority is the Black population at 72.96%. Hillside has 53.3% share of the Black population and Union had the least number at 4.95%. Hillside had the highest population of Hispanics at 79.60%. Orange only had 19.73% followed by Hillside at 17.86%. Hillside had the most number of literate people with 83% high school graduates followed by Orange at 77.1%. Union had 64.4% high school graduates. With college graduates, Hillside has the highest number again having 23.2% graduates, followed by Union at 17.3% and Orange at 16.6%. Union had 49.54% of its people speaking one other language other than English. Hillside and Orange are closely tied at 19.04% and 19.85% respectively. In terms of family income, Hillside had the highest median family income at an average of $73,816.00. Orange follows at $48,873.00 and Union at $41,988.00. Consistently, Hillside had the lowest poverty at only 9.6%. Orange has 16.5% and Union had the highest poverty at 19.6%. (New Jersey S chool District Demographic Characteristics, 2013). Curriculum structure (Understanding by Design vs. Pacing guide) One of the widely adopted curriculum design is the ‘Understanding by Design’ Planning Framework (UbD) by Wiggins, Grant and McTighe (1998). This is also known as the Backward Design Model wherein the teacher starts with the end, the desired results, and then derives the curriculum from the evidence of learning called for by the expectations and the teaching needed to equip students to

International border searches Essay Example for Free

International border searches Essay It is recognized that it is paramount to the U. S. to protect and preserve the integrity of its borders. This involves a constant balancing by the authorities between trade and commerce on one hand and terrorist activities, contraband and illegal immigrants on the other hand. By reason of this, security operations involve border searches and seizures which necessarily have implications on the Fourth Amendment (Vina, 2005). The Fourth Amendment ensures and protects the people from unreasonable searches and seizures and provides, â€Å"â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† (U. S. Constitution, Fourth Amendment). The Fourth Amendment is to ensure that the powers of the federal government are not arbitrarily used against its citizens. Legally, â€Å"reasonableness† is required as one to be determined by a judge for the issuance of a search warrant. The judge is said to be independent and impartial as to determine the existence of probable cause so that the police can make the search or arrest [Katz v. U. S. , 347, 357 (1967)]. A violation of the Fourth Amendment will result in the exclusion or suppression of whatever evidence may be gathered pursuant to the exclusionary rule enunciated by the Court in the case of Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U. S. 643 (1961). There are however, exceptions established when reasonableness and warrant requirement are relaxed and therefore â€Å"probable cause is not invariably required either† (Vernonia School Dist. 47J v. Acton, 515 U. S. 646, 653 (1995). This occurs when the interests of the public require more protection than those of private interests. One of these established exceptions to the warrant and probable cause requirement is border search [Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U. S. 523 (1967)]. Discussion Border search is defined in the case of United States v. Ramsey as â€Å"that searches made at the border, pursuant to the longstanding right of the sovereign to protect itself by stopping and examining persons and property crossing into this country, are reasonable simply by virtue of the fact that they occur at the border, should, by now, require no extended demonstration (431 U. S. 606 (1977)). This does not require a warrant, probable cause or reasonable suspicion (Onecle web site, 2005). The exception of border search is provided for under the United States Code specifically in Chapter 19, subsections 482 and 1582. This exception is premised on the duty of the state to protect its citizens, regulate trade and commerce and enforces immigration laws, thus, authorizing routine stops for searches at the border [U. S. v. Ramsey, 431 U. S. 606 (1977)]. There are two types of border search, namely routine and non-routine (Vina, 2005). In the case of U. S. v. Johnson, the Court explained that routine search include a search without any suspicion and entails very limited invasion of privacy (991 F 2d. 1287, 1291 7th Cir. 1993). This may include a dog sniff of the person, a search and inspection of belongings, luggage and car (Vina, 2005). The non-routine search includes more intrusive methods and is conducted when the authorities have suspicion that there is alimentary canal smuggling. The search may consist of â€Å"destructive searches of inanimate objects, prolonged detentions, strip searches, body cavity searches, and some x-ray examinations† (Vina, 2005). Body cavity searches include searches in cavities such as â€Å"vagina, rectum, or the use of emetics† [Vina, 2005 citing United States v. Ogberaha, 771 F. 2d 655, 657 (2d Cir. 1985) (vagina); United State v. Pino, 729 F. 2d 1357, 1358 (11 th Cir. 1984) (rectum); United States v. Briones, 423 F. 2d 742, 743 (5 th Cir. 1970) (emetics)]. The law requires that ‘reasonable suspicion’ consists in particular and specific facts which a logical person can infer from a wrong doing (U. S. v. Montoya de Hernandez (1985), 473 U. S. 531). There are also instances when border searches are allowed to extend beyond the border, in the following cases, namely: â€Å"(1) the government officials have reasonable certainty or a â€Å"high degree of probability† that a border was crossed; (2) they also have reasonable certainty that no change in the object of the search has occurred between the time of the border crossing and the search; and (3) they have â€Å"reasonable suspicion† that criminal activity was occurring† (U. S. v. Teng Yang (2002), 286 F. 3d. 940). These three requisites must exist and concur to render legal and constitutional, the extended border search by ensuring a â€Å"significant nexus with a border crossing† by the suspect (Vina, 2005). Most often the routine searches give rise to non-routine searches such as for instance where undeclared precious stones are found inside the pocket of the suspect, this resulted into reasonable suspicion thus giving rise to the conduct of non-routine search of strip searches. This yielded an envelope of narcotics (U. S. v. Flores, (1973) 477 F. 2d 608). Conclusion The U. S. government embarked on enhancing border security technologies and operations by reason of the September 11 terrorist attack. Intercepting and aborting terrorist attacks and smuggling of contraband were overstressed. Pieces of legislation are being drafted to harness further training in detection of false or falsified documents, pilot programs are launched for â€Å"surveillance technologies, biometric entry and exit data system and enhanced training of border officials (Vina, 2005). Volunteer programs were also set up to assist in observing and reporting of the movement of illegal aliens such as those launched in Arizona in 2005. This is a â€Å"citizens’ neighborhood watch’ program called the Minuteman Project. References Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U. S. 523 (1967) Katz v. U. S. , 347, 357 (1967) Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U. S. 643 (1961). Onecle Web site 2005 â€Å" Border searches† Retrieved on October 25, 2007, from http://law. onecle. com/constitution/amendment-04/18-border-searches. html United States Code, Chapter 19, subsections 482 and 1582 U. S. Constitution, Fourth Amendment Vernonia School Dist. 47J v. Acton, 515 U. S. 646, 653 (1995). Vina, S. 2005, Protecting our perimeter:† border searches† under the Fourth amendment CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved on October 25, 2007, from http://www. fas. org/sgp/crs/homesec/RL31826. pdf. United States v. Briones, 423 F. 2d 742, 743 (5 th Cir. 1970) U. S. v. Flores, (1973) 477 F. 2d 608). U. S. v. Johnson, 991 F 2d. 1287, 1291 7th Cir. 1993). U. S. v. Montoya de Hernandez (1985), 473 U. S. 531 United States v. Ogberaha, 771 F. 2d 655, 657 (2d Cir. 1985) (vagina) United States v. Pino, 729 F. 2d 1357, 1358 (11 th Cir. 1984) (rectum); U. S. v. Ramsey, 431 U. S. 606 (1977)]. U. S. v. Teng Yang (2002), 286 F. 3d. 940.

Christoph Büchels Simply Botiful: Overview and Analysis

Christoph Bà ¼chels Simply Botiful: Overview and Analysis Christoph Bà ¼chel. SIMPLY BOTIFUL 11.10.2006 – 18.03.2007 Hauser and Wirth Cheshire Street London Above the entrance to Christoph Bà ¼chel’s ‘Simply Botiful’ there is a ‘Hotel’ sign. Entry to the new ‘Hauser and Wirth’ space in Brick lane is made by walking past a dusty reception. Following this, gallery attendees are apprehended by an attendant with a clip board, who asks guests to ‘sign-in’, before taking their coats and bags. If you read carefully the documents that you are signing, it turns out that you are wavering your rights to sue, should you suffer damage to clothing, or to yourself during your tour of the exhibition. The reasoning behind this becomes clear as you proceed. Very quickly it is apparent that we are in a Hotel style mock up.[1] Once one has ascended the stairs into the main ‘gallery’, they are confronted with a hallway packed with small make shift beds. Taking the first door to the right (as most attendees will be inclined to do) one finds themselves in a room that seems a little out of place. It appears to be the study room of someone deeply interested in Psychoanalysis and Anthropology: The walls are covered in early naà ¯ve-imperial pictures of native persons and unusual animals, whilst a vitrine lies full of bones, clay pipes and other artifacts. In one corner resides an imposing Analysts chair. The association here makes one think of a long line of artists and writers that have dealt with psychoanalysis and analytical ideas (such as Dali), yet there is another element to Bà ¼chel’s work. Far from merely presenting psycho-analytical ideas in a pictorial form Bà ¼chel actually throws the gallery viewer on themselv es, pushing them into a personal analysis of their situation. In this first room one can hear the sound of loud (but distant) Thrash Metal music that appears to come from inside a wardrobe, on the near side of the room. Those more curious will fine that in the wardrobe, behind a couple of mangy suits there is a small hole, rising about 2 feet square from the base of the wardrobe. Those more curious still will climb through the hole, not even sure of they are allowed, or supposed to do so. It is in this sense that: ‘Bà ¼chel’s complex installations force his audience to participate in scenarios that are physically demanding and psychologically unsettling.’[2] On entering into the wardrobe the individual finds themselves in a room, with a small bed, some bags of discarded children’s toys and a burnt out motorcycle in a glass cabinet. The music becomes much louder – pushing the boundary of what is safe to listen to. Emerging from the cupboard again, one must take the chance that a small audience has amassed in the first room, and will be watching you as you crawl on hands and knees back into the relative normalcy of the analyst’s office. Aspects such as these give the show a performative element, as each gallery attendee becomes entertainment for others: ‘He explores the unstable relationship between security and internment, placing visitors in the brutally contradictory roles of victim and voyeur.’[3] Other rooms on this first floor quite clearly point to this space being a brothel (ostensibly). Porn magazines, crumpled bedsheets, red lights and condom packets litter three more bedrooms and suggest an uneasy seediness. Upon entering these rooms, one feels like an intruder and is put in the position of literally feeling like both victim and voyeur. In a sense, this is the trick that conceptual/readymade based art plays. Duchamp’s ‘Fountain’ (made under the pseudonym ‘R.Mutt’) – an upturned urinal that he attempted to exhibit in an open exhibition in 1917 taunts the viewer. It is art, because the artists himself says so: ‘Whether Mr. Mutt with his own hands made the fountain or not has no importance. He CHOSE it.’[4] Yet the viewer of a readymade is left in the position of feeling ‘duped’. Believing such pieces to be credible artworks involves a certain leap of ‘faith’. Each person must make this leap, aware that others are watching (thus they are a victim), but they also make this judgement over the artwork as the ‘voyeur’. Bà ¼chel’s semi-readymade, constructed from found objects in a converted warehouse gallery takes this a step further and really challenges the viewer: The viewer is challenged into questioning whether what they are looking at is art, and into considering their role within the artwork – as participants in it. In this sense, the gallery attendees become ‘readymades’. Once one has walked through the hotel, they arrive on a balcony, overlooking what appears to be a crossover between a workers yard and scrap yard, with several iron containers, and piles of disused refrigerators. Upon descending a set of iron steps one finds themselves free to roam amongst the detritus. One container is full of broken computer parts; another is virtually empty, except for a filthy table. The overall sense one gets immediately is one of poverty – another container holds sewing machines and rolls of fabric: presumably some kind of sweatshop. There is something harrowing about this, which is compounded somewhat by images of hardcore porn pasted to the walls of one container that features nothing but a makeshift punch-bag and a seemingly empty refrigerator. However, there is also something celebratory about Bà ¼chel’s huge semi-Readymade. Gallery attendees gradually become more comfortable and rush from one container to the next, probing deeper to find unexpected treasures. The refrigerator at the far end of the above mentioned container actually features a set of steps, descending to a tunnel carved through the ground beneath the gallery. Upon arriving at the other end, one finds a huge mound of earth, with Elephant or ‘Mammoth’ tusks protruding from one side! How to react to this is again down to the viewer, and throughout the exhibition, similar oddities are met with mixtures of fear, excitement, awe and humour. There is certainly a darkness inherent to Bà ¼chel’s work, and a strong controversial social commentary (beneath a container lorry in the workers yard, the gallery attendee finds a secret room featuring Muslim prayer mats, Bibles and pornography). However there is also a strong element that throws the viewer upon their own resources, forcing them to question the role of art. In a sense, this is what good art does. As philosopher Theodor Adorno argues: ‘It is self evident that nothing concerning art is self evident anymore, not in its inner life, not in its relation to the world, not even in its right to exist.’[5] This leaves art in the difficult position of constantly questioning itself, and one way of doing this is to present the viewer with a constant need to question their relationship with the artwork. This often makes for art that appears on the surface to be tragic. Yet the way in which art can lead the viewer to question not only art, but their own confidence in judging art actually provides challenges that may have positive results. Art gives one an opportunity to really engage with themselves and their environment in way that mass consumerist culture doesn’t. Adorno argues: ‘The darkening of the world makes the irrationality of art rational: radically darkened art. What the enemies of modern art, with a better instinct than its anxious apologists, call its negativity is the epitome of what established culture has repressed and that toward which art is drawn.’[6] Therefore Bà ¼chel’s somewhat twisted and tragic world actually breaks through the repressive element that society enforces. Perhaps this is one meaning that can be applied to the representation of the analysts/anthropologists office, which is the first room the viewer stumbles upon when entering the exhibition space. Further to this, Bà ¼chel’s show builds upon Joseph Beuys’ declaration that ‘We are all artists,’ (a declaration that itself built upon Duchamp’s proclamation that ‘anything can be art’): ‘EVERY HUMAN BEING IS AN ARTIST [†¦] Self-determination and participation in the sphere (freedom)†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢[7] In inviting the audience to partake in the artwork as both voyeur and victim, Bà ¼chel makes evident the capacity of all individuals to fulfill a role in bringing forth societal change as artists with the capacity to designate mere objects as art. The confidence inherent in such a judgement can from thereon be applied to other spheres of life. The success of Bà ¼chel’s exhibition resides in his demonstrating the above points without over complicating things. The viewer is drawn into an interactive art space that questions constantly, without necessarily being aware that they are put into the position of having to answer complex art/life riddles. Yet, at some point during or after the exhibition something of the nature of Modern and Postmodern/Contemporary art will be made apparent to them: For an artist to achieve this is a rare skill. Bibliography Books Adorno. T.W. 1997, Aesthetic Theory, transl., Hullot-Kentor, R., Athlone Press,  London Harrison. C. and Woods. P., Eds., 1998, On Commitment, Art in Theory: An  Anthology of Changing Ideas, Blackwell, Oxford. Exhibition Press Release Christoph Bà ¼chel. SIMPLY BOTIFUL 11.10.2006 – 18.03.2007 Hauser and Wirth Cheshire Street London [1] For a fully detailed internet ‘walk through’ tour of the exhibition see: http://www.ghw.ch/exhibitions/walkthrough.php?exhibition_id=415 [2] From the Press Release for ‘Christoph Bà ¼chel, Simply Botiful’. Hauser and Wirth Gallery, 2006. [3] Ibid. [4] Harrison C, and Woods P., Art in Theory: An Anthology of Changing Ideas, 1998, p248. [5] Adorno. T.W., Aesthetic Theory, Transl, Robert-Hullot-Kentor, 1997, p1. [6] Ibid. p19. [7] Harrison C, and Woods P., Ibid., p903. Forgive the fragmented nature of this quote. The text itself is equally fragmented.